India's distinct civilizational ethos and democratic values stand in sharp contrast to China's centralized, authoritarian approach, shaping their respective foreign policies and responses to global pressures. This divergence explains why India, unlike China, will not simply "tremble and obey" dictates from any external power.

Civilizational Foundation and Strategic Autonomy

India's foreign policy is deeply rooted in its civilizational values, emphasizing inclusivity, dialogue, and a commitment to a multipolar world order. This approach, tracing back to the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) during the Cold War, has evolved into a sophisticated policy of "strategic autonomy" or multi-alignment. India strategically balances its relationships with major powers, avoiding dependence on any single country and safeguarding its national interests. This strategic autonomy is not merely a political stance but a reflection of India's historical experience and its self-perception as a civilization-state rather than just a nation-state.

Unlike China's foreign policy which is driven by its core interests of maintaining the power of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), continuing China's social and economic growth, and preservation of China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, India's strategic autonomy is guided by the principle of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam"—the world is one family—India advocates for inclusivity and mutual respect among nations. India's emphasis on strategic autonomy is embodied in the “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiative. This vision extends beyond military strength to focus on economic resilience, technological innovation, and public health—key lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Democratic Values vs. Authoritarian Control

India's vibrant democracy fosters a diversity of voices and perspectives that influence its foreign policy decisions. Public opinion, parliamentary debates, and media scrutiny play a significant role in shaping the government's approach to international relations. This contrasts sharply with China's authoritarian system, where the CCP maintains tight control over information and suppresses dissent. China's foreign policy is primarily shaped and manufactured by the state to serve its domestic and foreign policy agenda. The lack of transparency and public participation in China's decision-making processes makes its foreign policy less predictable and potentially more assertive.

Economic and Strategic Considerations

While both India and China are major economic powers, their approaches to international trade and investment differ significantly. China's economic diplomacy often involves strategic partnerships and infrastructure projects, such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which can create long-term dependencies for participating countries. India, on the other hand, emphasizes self-reliance and diversification of its economic partnerships. India's economic engagement with the US is also a reason for close relationship with America. Robust economy of the nation is the recipe for its strategic autonomy.

In the security realm, India faces continental as well as maritime challenges in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) from China, which has made great strides in the economic and defense arena. As a result, India has entered into strategic partnership agreements with United States and other states. India along with strategic partners Japan, Australia and US have come together to face the Chinese dilemma by reviving Quadrilateral security grouping (QUAD) a quasi-military alliance. This indicates India's resolve to protect its interests and values in the face of China's growing assertiveness.

Navigating Geopolitical Tensions

As tensions rise in the Indo-Pacific between the United States and China, India's ability to maintain its long-standing policy of “strategic autonomy” faces an increasing challenge. Economically, China and the United States are India's two largest trading partners, and both are vital to India's growth. However, as these two superpowers continue to move further apart, India finds itself caught in the middle. On the security front, India's national interests are now directly threatened by China's assertiveness, particularly along their shared border. Its diplomatic ties with Russia further complicate the situation, as Moscow's increasing isolation has created an even more polarized international environment.

Despite these challenges, India has demonstrated its commitment to strategic autonomy by engaging with both the US and China through various multilateral platforms such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). India's participation in these forums allows it to pursue its economic and strategic interests while maintaining dialogue with its geopolitical rivals.

In conclusion, India's civilizational values, democratic institutions, and commitment to strategic autonomy differentiate it from China and explain why it will not simply "tremble and obey." India's foreign policy is guided by its own national interests and its vision of a multipolar world order based on inclusivity, dialogue, and mutual respect. While India faces significant challenges in navigating the complex geopolitical landscape, it remains committed to its independent path, pursuing its own interests and contributing to global stability.