India's workforce is among the most overworked globally, according to recent data from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The ILO reports that the average Indian worker clocks 46.7 hours per week, placing India among the top countries with the longest working hours. A significant 51% of India's workforce exceeds 49 hours of work per week, a figure surpassed only by Bhutan, where 61% of workers exceed this threshold.
This prevalence of long working hours in India has sparked debate, especially in light of recent discussions about increasing work hours even further. Some corporate leaders have suggested that Indian youth should work 70 or even 90 hours a week to boost economic growth. However, these proposals have raised concerns about worker well-being and the potential for exploitation.
The ILO defines "long hours of work" as regularly working more than 48 hours per week, consistent with international labor standards. These standards, outlined in ILO Convention No. 1, aim to limit normal working hours to 48 per week. India ratified this convention in 1921, embedding its principles in laws such as the Factories Act of 1948. However, the enforcement of these laws remains a challenge, particularly in the large informal sector.
Several factors contribute to the long working hours in India. One key driver is the need to maximize earnings, particularly for those with low hourly wages or income from self-employment. Many workers need to work long hours simply to make ends meet. Additionally, there may be a culture of overwork in some sectors, with employees feeling pressured to work long hours to meet expectations or advance their careers.
The ILO emphasizes the importance of balancing productivity with worker welfare. Research suggests that extended working hours can increase health risks and workplace injuries while hindering productivity, which declines after 48 weekly work hours. The organization advocates for a 40-hour workweek, a standard adopted by many developed nations.
The Indian government has taken steps to address labor rights and improve working conditions. India has ratified 47 ILO conventions and 1 protocol, demonstrating its commitment to international labor standards. The government also collaborates with the ILO on various initiatives, including promoting gender equity, enhancing social protection, and formalizing the workforce.
Despite these efforts, challenges remain in ensuring decent work for all in India. Complex regulations, limited resources, corruption, and weak penalties hinder the enforcement of labor laws. Additionally, labor laws primarily protect blue-collar workers, with those in supervisory or managerial roles often lacking overtime protections.
Moving forward, India needs a multi-faceted approach to address its labor rights challenges. This includes strengthening enforcement mechanisms, simplifying regulations, increasing resources for labor inspections, and promoting a culture of respect for workers' rights. It also requires addressing the root causes of long working hours, such as low wages and income inequality. By prioritizing worker well-being and promoting sustainable work environments, India can strike a better balance between productivity and the quality of life for its workforce.
