The Dongfeng-41 (DF-41), also known as CSS-20, is China's most advanced and longest-range intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). It is a fourth-generation solid-fueled, road-mobile missile operated by the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF). The DF-41's development began in 1986. It was officially unveiled at the China National Day military parade on October 1, 2019.

Range and Capabilities The DF-41 has an estimated operational range of 12,000 to 15,000 kilometers. This makes it capable of reaching targets across the globe, including the entire continental United States. The missile is believed to be capable of carrying multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), with some reports suggesting it can carry up to 10 warheads. Chinese state media has claimed the missile can load up to 10 MIRV warheads with a total weight of 2,500 kg. However, some experts estimate that the missiles could carry around three warheads, along with decoys and penetration aids to overcome ballistic missile defense systems. The DF-41 uses a three-stage solid propellant engine to reach its impressive range and can reach a top speed of Mach 25. It likely uses an inertial guidance system, possibly with stellar or satellite updates, and has an accuracy of approximately 100 meters circular error probable (CEP).

Deployment and Mobility The DF-41 is primarily a road-mobile ICBM, launched from an eight-axle transporter erector launcher (TEL). This mobility enhances its survivability, as it can be moved to different locations to avoid detection and potential strikes. China is also exploring silo-basing options for the DF-41. Satellite imagery has indicated the construction of several DF-41-sized silos in recent years. Additionally, China has tested a train-based launch system, though it is unclear whether this system will enter service. In a recent development, the DF-41 has been spotted with single-tone log-style camouflage, indicating an evolution in concealment tactics. This suggests a focus on survivability, rapid deployment, and tactical deception in response to increasing satellite surveillance and reconnaissance.

Strategic Implications The DF-41 poses several strategic challenges due to its range, mobility, and payload capacity. Its ability to strike most of the continental U.S. with multiple nuclear warheads raises concerns about nuclear deterrence and strategic stability. The development of MIRV technology is seen as a response to the deployment of the United States national missile defense system, which could degrade China's nuclear deterrent capability. The DF-41's mobility, whether road-based or rail-based, makes it difficult to track and target, further complicating strategic calculations. The U.S. military is actively developing missile defense systems to counter threats from ICBMs like the DF-41. However, the DF-41's advanced features, such as MIRV capability and penetration aids, are designed to challenge these defenses.

Recent Developments In recent years, China has continued to advance its missile technology, including the DF-41. There have been reports of tests and deployments, as well as the development of new variants and launch platforms. China's recent test of launching a DF-41 intercontinental ballistic missile beyond its borders for the first time in 40 years signals the country's increasing confidence in its strategic capabilities. The missile, with a simulated nuclear warhead, was launched from a mobile launcher and landed in a designated area in international waters of the Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, China is also developing other advanced missile systems, such as the DF-26D and YJ-20, to enhance its military capabilities.