India's foreign policy has undergone a noticeable transformation in recent years, adopting a more assertive and proactive approach on the global stage. This shift, characterized by some as a "muscular" foreign policy, reflects a desire to protect national interests, promote regional stability, and project India as a leading global power. Several factors have contributed to this evolution, including a changing geopolitical landscape, a growing economy, and a desire to play a more prominent role in shaping international norms and institutions.

One of the key aspects of this "muscular" approach is a greater willingness to use all elements of national power, including diplomatic, economic, and military capabilities, to achieve foreign policy objectives. This is evident in India's handling of its relations with neighboring countries, particularly Pakistan and China. The surgical strikes conducted across the Line of Control in 2016 and the Balakot air strikes in 2019 demonstrated a willingness to use military force to respond to perceived threats to national security. Simultaneously, India has pursued economic diplomacy to strengthen ties with other nations, inviting foreign direct investment through initiatives like "Make in India" and "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan".

Another significant feature of India's evolving foreign policy is its focus on strategic autonomy. While building partnerships with major powers like the United States, Russia, and European countries, India has also emphasized its independence in decision-making and its commitment to safeguarding its strategic interests. This approach is reflected in India's stance on issues like climate change, trade, and security, where it has often pursued its own path, even when it diverges from the preferences of other major powers.

India's engagement with multilateral institutions has also become more proactive. It actively participates in organizations like the G20, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), advocating for reforms to global governance structures and promoting the interests of developing countries. India has also played a leading role in initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA), demonstrating its commitment to addressing global challenges and promoting sustainable development. India's increasing role as a first responder in the region and its anti-piracy and anti-maritime terrorism operations are also worth noting.

However, this "muscular" approach has also faced challenges and criticisms. Some analysts argue that it has led to strained relations with some neighboring countries, particularly those who view India's assertiveness with suspicion. Others argue that it has resulted in a neglect of soft power and a decline in India's reputation as a benevolent and non-interventionist actor.

Looking ahead to 2025, India's foreign policy priorities are likely to remain focused on managing its relations with major powers, promoting regional stability, and advancing its economic interests. Managing ties with the U.S., China, Russia, and those within its South Asian neighborhood will be key. India will likely continue to strengthen its strategic partnerships, particularly with countries in the Indo-Pacific region, to counter China's growing influence. India will also continue to prioritize economic diplomacy, seeking to attract foreign investment, expand trade, and promote its technological capabilities.

India's foreign policy during this period represents a shift towards establishing itself as a Viksit Bharat or a developed India by the centenary of its independence. The phase is not just about domestic transformation, but about asserting India's thought leadership globally. Multi-alignment; engagement with the Global South; India's geopolitical location near key trading points and energy routes; and providing leadership in crisis situations by being the first responder are the strategic goals that India has outlined for itself.

In conclusion, India's foreign policy has become more assertive and proactive in recent years, reflecting its growing economic and military capabilities and its desire to play a more prominent role in global affairs. While this "muscular" approach has yielded some successes, it has also faced challenges and criticisms. As India navigates an increasingly complex and uncertain world, it will need to strike a balance between protecting its national interests and promoting regional and global stability.