Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma has sparked debate by predicting that the Muslim population in Assam could equal the Hindu population by 2041, citing current census trends. Sarma stated that the Muslim population is growing at a rate of approximately 30% every 10 years, while the Hindu population is increasing at around 16% during the same period. He emphasized that these figures are based on Indian census data.

According to Sarma, the Muslim population constituted 36% of Assam's population as per the 2011 census. He also claimed that Muslims now constitute 40% of Assam's population based on "statistical sampling". Sarma has expressed concerns about the rapid population growth of the Muslim community in Assam. He has also alleged that a significant portion of the Muslim population growth is due to migration into Assam.

The Chief Minister's statements have drawn mixed reactions. Some express concern over the potential demographic shift, while others have criticized Sarma's remarks. When asked about a solution to the growing Muslim population, Sarma stated that until the political class becomes part of the efforts to arrest the growth of the Muslim population, nothing much can be expected. He urged political leaders to encourage population control.

In response to these demographic concerns, the Assam government is reportedly streamlining the process for indigenous communities in vulnerable areas to obtain arms licenses, with the aim of bolstering their security.