As of September 2025, Narendra Modi is serving as the Prime Minister of India, a position he has held since May 26, 2014. Having won three consecutive Lok Sabha elections in 2014, 2019 and 2024, Modi has matched Jawaharlal Nehru's record. He has become the second longest-serving Prime Minister in consecutive terms, surpassing Indira Gandhi's record. Only Jawaharlal Nehru served for a longer unbroken stint. Modi is also the longest-serving Prime Minister outside of the Indian National Congress.

Political Landscape

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), under Modi's leadership, has remained a dominant force in Indian politics. The party's focus on economic reforms, national security, and cultural identity has resonated with many, particularly in the Hindu-majority population. However, India's diverse social, religious, and regional tensions continue to shape its political landscape. While national parties maintain their dominance, regional and independent leaders are making significant inroads, with voters emphasizing local governance and leadership. This has led to stronger regional parties and the potential for more coalition governments, highlighting the increasing importance of state-level politics in shaping national policies.

Economic Policies and Achievements

Modi's economic policies, often referred to as "Modinomics," have focused on privatization and liberalization, based on a neoliberal framework. The government has liberalized India's foreign direct investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in various industries, including defense and railways. Initiatives like "Make in India" were introduced to encourage foreign companies to manufacture products in India, aiming to transform the country into a global manufacturing hub.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), implemented in July 2017, merged 17 state and federal levies into a single destination-based tax, widening the tax net and increasing collections. Gross GST collections have risen significantly, reaching record highs in recent years. Corporate tax rates were also reduced to make India more competitive.

However, the first eight years of Modi's premiership saw an average GDP growth rate of 5.5%, compared to 7.03% under the previous government. Income inequality has increased, and unemployment reached a 45-year high in 2017, attributed to demonetization and the implementation of GST.

Social Welfare Initiatives

The Modi government has launched several social welfare programs aimed at improving the lives of ordinary citizens. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) aimed to create bank accounts and debit cards for millions of families, promoting financial inclusion. The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) distributed LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Clean India") campaign aimed to eliminate open defecation and improve waste management practices. Additionally, the Ayushman Bharat scheme was launched to provide health protection to a large number of families. The PM Awas Yojana provided houses to rural and urban populations.

Foreign Policy

Under Modi, India's foreign policy has undergone a significant transformation, marked by a more dynamic and assertive approach. Key achievements include strengthened ties with major powers like the United States, Russia, and European nations. India has deepened defense cooperation with the United States through agreements like BECA, COMCASA, and LEMOA. Strong defense ties with Russia have been maintained, and trade, technology, and climate cooperation with Europe have expanded. Modi's government has also reinvigorated the "Act East Policy," focusing on building stronger relations with ASEAN nations, Japan, South Korea, and Australia. Modi has also prioritized strong relationships with SAARC and BIMSTEC nations.

Challenges and Criticisms

Despite the achievements, Modi's government has faced several challenges and criticisms. Managing relations with China, particularly the border dispute, remains a significant challenge. Other challenges include expanding manufacturing capabilities, increasing maritime presence, and advancing a green energy transition. Some critics argue that the government's economic policies have led to increased income inequality and unemployment. There have also been concerns about healthcare spending and the implementation of social welfare programs.

Looking ahead, India's political landscape will likely be shaped by digital transformation, youth engagement, regional leadership, and economic policies. As India continues to evolve, addressing misinformation, political polarization, and domestic complexities will be crucial for unlocking its full potential.