As winter approaches, concerns regarding air quality in northern India are escalating, prompting the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to implement proactive measures aimed at curbing stubble burning. Stubble burning, the practice of setting fire to crop residue after harvesting, particularly paddy, has been identified as a major contributor to air pollution in Delhi and surrounding regions during the winter months.
The CAQM, a central anti-pollution commission responsible for Delhi and neighboring states, has initiated several strategies to combat this issue. These strategies involve both in-situ (on-field) and ex-situ (off-field) management of stubble, promoting alternatives to burning. In-situ methods focus on managing the stubble on the field itself, using techniques like chopping, mulching, or shredding the residue. This not only prevents burning but also helps retain valuable nutrients in the soil. Ex-situ management, on the other hand, involves removing the stubble from the fields to be converted into useful products such as biogas, biofuel, compost, or fodder.
To ensure the effective implementation of these measures, the CAQM has launched flying squads to patrol identified hotspot districts. Additionally, a dedicated cell has been established in Mohali to facilitate real-time coordination between Punjab and Haryana. During review meetings with officials from 23 districts in Punjab and 22 districts in Haryana, the CAQM emphasized the enforcement of directions 90 and 92, which pertain to in-situ and ex-situ disposal of stubble.
Recognizing the importance of providing farmers with alternatives to stubble burning, the CAQM has directed Punjab to address gaps in the availability of Crop Residue Management (CRM) machinery and strengthen supply chains for surplus residue. The commission has also mandated enhanced vigilance through the 'Parali Protection Force,' which will conduct evening patrols to deter burning activities. Plans are also underway to address pest-infested and waterlogged areas, particularly in the aftermath of recent severe floods in the state.
The government is providing subsidized crop residue management equipment to motivate farmers to adopt scientific disposal methods. Punjab has been further urged to accelerate the use of pellets made from stubble for biomass power generation. The state government expects an 80-85% reduction in stubble burning incidents compared to previous years, building upon the 70% reduction achieved last year. A budget of Rs 500 crore has been allocated for this purpose.
Furthermore, the Supreme Court has intervened, urging stricter measures to curb stubble burning, including potential penalties and custodial sentences for offenders. The court has emphasized the need for a balanced approach that supports farmers while also protecting the environment.
Despite these efforts, challenges remain. A recent study suggests that stubble burning is often a result of systemic issues within India's agricultural marketing structure, rather than mere defiance by farmers. The study points to factors such as government policies, market forces, and the marginalization of farmers as key drivers of the practice. The short window between harvesting paddy and sowing wheat, coupled with labor shortages and the high cost of alternative disposal methods, further exacerbate the problem.
Ultimately, addressing the issue of stubble burning requires a multifaceted approach that combines strict enforcement, technological solutions, financial incentives, and a deeper understanding of the socio-economic factors that influence farmers' decisions. By promoting sustainable alternatives and empowering farmers to adopt eco-friendly practices, India can mitigate the harmful effects of stubble burning and safeguard air quality for its citizens.
