Recent developments suggest that India's long-held opposition to genetically modified (GM) crops may be softening amidst ongoing trade negotiations with the United States. While India has historically maintained a strict stance against the import and cultivation of GM food crops, recent discussions and potential policy shifts indicate a possible change in approach.
For years, the United States has been urging India to open its agricultural sector to GM crops, arguing that it could boost agricultural productivity and enhance trade relations. However, India has consistently resisted, citing concerns about farmer livelihoods, biodiversity, and potential risks to food safety. Indian officials have designated agriculture and dairy as "sacrosanct red lines," emphasizing their importance to national interest.
India's regulatory framework for GM crops is governed by the Environment Protection Act of 1986 and associated rules, which regulate the manufacture, use, import, export, storage, and sale of GMOs. This framework covers all stages, from research and field trials to commercial release and post-release monitoring.
Despite the strict regulatory environment, there are signs that India may be reconsidering its stance on GM crops, driven in part by the potential benefits of increased agricultural productivity and reduced reliance on imports. Proponents of GM technology argue that it can help address India's pressing agricultural challenges, including food security, climate resilience, and farm incomes. For example, GM mustard reportedly offers 28% higher yields than traditional varieties.
One factor influencing India's evolving perspective is the ongoing trade talks with the United States, where market access for agricultural products has been a key point of contention. While India has resisted pressure to allow imports of GM corn and soybeans, it may be open to importing certain GM farm products used in animal feed.
However, significant opposition remains, particularly from farmer groups who fear seed dependency and the potential impact on traditional agricultural practices. Concerns have also been raised about the lack of long-term data on the health and environmental risks associated with GM crops. Some organizations affiliated with the Sangh Parivar have stated that a trade agreement with the U.S. is unlikely if the U.S. continues to insist on market access for GM crops.
Currently, Bt cotton is the only GM crop approved for cultivation in India, accounting for a significant portion of the country's cotton area. Other GM crops, such as chickpea, pigeon pea, corn, and sugarcane, are in various stages of research and field trials. In 2022, the government approved the environmental release of GM mustard, but trials were put on hold after activists approached the Supreme Court. A Supreme Court ruling on GM rapeseed is anticipated, which could further influence India's policy on GM crops.
As India navigates these complex issues, it must strike a balance between embracing innovation and safeguarding public and environmental health. The outcome of the US trade talks and the Supreme Court ruling on GM rapeseed will likely play a crucial role in shaping India's future approach to genetically modified crops.
