The Emergency, declared by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on June 25, 1975, remains a dark chapter in India's post-independence history. The 21-month period saw the suspension of civil liberties, widespread censorship, and an authoritarian grip on the nation. While the political ramifications are well-documented, the impact on the Indian film industry, often referred to as Bollywood, reveals a fascinating narrative of resistance, self-preservation, and subtle rebellion.
The film industry, a powerful medium of expression and a reflection of society, was not spared from the Emergency's repressive measures. Censorship became rampant, with strict guidelines imposed on filmmakers. Anything deemed critical of the government faced the risk of being banned or heavily edited. Absurd rules were implemented; even depictions of alcohol or blood were removed. Action sequences were limited in number and duration. Raw film negative was rationed, adding to the challenges faced by filmmakers.
Several films fell victim to the censor's scissors. Gulzar's "Aandhi" (1975), a film about a female politician, was banned shortly after its release due to perceived similarities between the protagonist and Indira Gandhi. Amrit Nahata's satirical "Kissa Kursi Ka," which critiqued the political landscape, was never allowed to see the light of day; its negatives were reportedly destroyed. Kishore Kumar, a hugely popular singer, faced a ban on All India Radio (AIR) and Doordarshan after refusing to sing in favor of the government. Even films depicting national heroes like Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad were prohibited, fearing they might inspire resistance against the regime.
The government's control extended beyond censorship. Filmmakers were pressured to create content that aligned with the official narrative. The Films Division of India, the official film production unit, churned out propaganda films praising Indira Gandhi and her policies. Stars were commandeered to appear at government events and endorse the Emergency. Veteran directors were told how to re-edit their films, and those who did not comply faced harassment.
However, amidst this atmosphere of fear and repression, the film industry found ways to resist. Some filmmakers subtly incorporated themes of dissent and rebellion into their work. The "angry young man," popularized by Amitabh Bachchan in films like "Deewar," became a symbol of anti-establishment sentiment, reflecting the angst and frustration of the common man. While not explicitly political, these characters resonated with audiences who felt suffocated by the Emergency's restrictions.
A few individuals dared to directly challenge the government. Dev Anand, a prominent actor and filmmaker, openly opposed the Emergency and eventually formed his own political party, the National Party of India, in protest. Although the party was short-lived, it demonstrated the courage of those who refused to be silenced. Kishore Kumar's defiance, despite the ban on his songs, made him a symbol of resistance.
The Emergency also led to a shift in the themes explored in mainstream cinema. Social dramas gave way to action-packed potboilers, focusing on crime, corruption, and the struggles of urban life. While seemingly apolitical, these films often reflected the underlying social tensions and anxieties of the time. Multi-starrers with catchy music became the norm, providing an escape from the harsh realities of the Emergency.
The impact of the Emergency on the film industry was profound and multifaceted. It exposed the vulnerability of artistic expression in the face of political authoritarianism. However, it also revealed the resilience and creativity of filmmakers who found ways to resist, subvert, and express their dissent, even within the confines of censorship. The films made during and in the aftermath of the Emergency serve as a reminder of the importance of freedom of expression and the power of cinema to reflect and shape society.
