India is reportedly considering revising the 1996 Ganga Water Sharing Treaty with Bangladesh as it approaches its expiration in 2026. This move comes amid India's increasing developmental needs and changing geopolitical dynamics, signaling a potential shift in regional water-sharing agreements. The current treaty, signed on December 12, 1996, by then Indian Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda and his Bangladeshi counterpart Sheikh Hasina, governs the distribution of the Ganges River's water at the Farakka Barrage from January 1 to May 31 each year.
The treaty stipulates that if the Ganga's flow is 70,000 cusecs or less, both sides will divide the water supply equally. However, if the flow is between 70,000 and 75,000 cusecs, Bangladesh's share is set at 35,000 cusecs, with India receiving the remainder. When the flow exceeds 75,000 cusecs, India is entitled to 40,000 cusecs, and the excess water goes to Bangladesh. Additionally, the treaty ensures that each country receives a minimum of 35,000 cusecs of Ganga water in alternating 10-day periods during the driest part of the season, specifically between March 11 and May 10. These guaranteed allotments are designed to prevent extreme water shortages, particularly during peak irrigation demand.
India's desire to renegotiate the treaty stems from its growing requirements for irrigation, port maintenance, and power generation. Sources suggest that India may seek an additional 30,000 to 35,000 cusecs of water during the critical March to May period. This position is reportedly supported by the West Bengal government, which believes the current treaty provisions are insufficient for their needs. Bihar has also emphasized the necessity for extra Ganga water to meet its drinking and irrigation demands.
The timing of this potential revision is noteworthy, as it follows India's suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) with Pakistan in April 2025, after a terrorist attack. This action raises concerns in Dhaka about India's commitment to water-sharing agreements.
Bangladesh heavily relies on the Ganga for agriculture, fisheries, and drinking water, especially during the dry months, with some fearing reduced water share would result in a catastrophic situation. During Sheikh Hasina’s visit to Delhi in June 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi assured that talks on treaty renewal would commence, highlighting the importance of bilateral relations.
The potential revision of the Ganga Water Sharing Treaty carries significant implications for both India and Bangladesh. A new agreement could foster improved cooperation and understanding, addressing long-standing water-sharing disputes. It may also pave the way for enhanced collaboration on water management strategies, which are crucial given the challenges posed by climate change and increasing water scarcity. A revised treaty could help mitigate tensions arising from past water allocation issues and ensure a sustainable partnership focused on the shared future of the Ganges River.
