India's maize productivity presents a mixed picture, characterized by a significant lag compared to global averages, yet also showcasing impressive performance in certain states. The national average maize yield stands at approximately 3.5 tonnes per hectare, substantially lower than the global benchmark of 6 tonnes. However, states like West Bengal, Telangana, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu are challenging this narrative, achieving yields that meet or even exceed this global standard.
West Bengal, with a yield of 7 tonnes per hectare, surpasses not only the Indian average but also the productivity of major maize-producing countries such as China (6.5 tonnes) and Brazil (5.9 tonnes). Telangana follows with 5.9 tonnes, while Bihar and Tamil Nadu record 5.7 and 5.5 tonnes per hectare, respectively. These figures highlight the considerable potential for maize cultivation in India, provided the right conditions and practices are in place.
Several factors contribute to the overall lower productivity in India. A key reason is the limited adoption of technological advancements across the maize supply chain. While some states have embraced modern farming techniques, including the use of high-yield hybrid seeds and advanced irrigation systems, others lag behind. This disparity creates a significant gap in productivity levels.
In 2020-21, India's maize production reached 31.65 million metric tonnes, with Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal contributing over half of this output. While India ranks among the top maize-producing countries globally, its productivity is significantly lower than that of the United States and Argentina.
The demand for maize in India is rising, driven by its use in poultry feed, ethanol production, and various other industries. With the government's focus on increasing ethanol blending, boosting maize productivity is crucial for ensuring food security, meeting industrial demands, and enhancing farmer incomes. The government plans to expand the area under maize cultivation from 12 million hectares in 2024-25 to 14 million hectares by 2026. To meet the growing demand, maize production must grow at an annual rate of 8-9% to reach 65-70 million tonnes by 2030.
Several states have emerged as leaders in maize production, each with its unique contributing factors. Karnataka, often referred to as the "Maize Bowl of India," consistently achieves high yields due to its favorable climate, suitable soil, and modern farming practices. Madhya Pradesh leverages hybrid seeds and irrigation to enhance yields, particularly in its central districts. Maharashtra benefits from its extensive agricultural lands and climate, with maize production concentrated in the Vidarbha and Marathwada regions.
To bridge the productivity gap and capitalize on the growing demand for maize, India needs to focus on several key areas. Increased investment in research and development is essential for developing high-yielding, climate-resilient maize varieties. Promoting the adoption of modern farming techniques, such as precision farming, efficient irrigation, and integrated nutrient management, can significantly improve yields. Strengthening the maize supply chain, from seed production to storage and marketing, is also crucial for reducing post-harvest losses and ensuring fair prices for farmers.
By addressing these challenges and leveraging the strengths of high-yield states, India can unlock the full potential of its maize production, contributing to food security, economic growth, and rural prosperity.
