Subtle changes in driving habits can sometimes be more than just signs of aging or increased caution; they might indicate underlying issues with brain health. Driving is a complex task that requires seamless integration of various cognitive functions, including attention, visual processing, spatial awareness, planning, and reaction time. When cognitive decline begins, it often manifests in driving behavior, making it a real-world indicator of brain function.
GPS Tracking and Driving Patterns
A study from Washington University tracked the driving patterns of nearly 300 older adults over three years, using GPS devices installed in their cars. The study compared individuals with normal cognitive function to those developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an early stage of memory loss. At the beginning of the study, both groups exhibited similar driving habits. However, over time, distinct differences emerged.
Individuals with MCI showed a gradual decrease in the number of monthly trips, avoided driving at night, even if they were previously comfortable with it, and stuck to familiar routes. They also tended to avoid new destinations, kept their trips shorter, and drove less at high speeds. These changes were more pronounced than typical cautious adjustments made by older adults. Healthy drivers did not show such consistent and significant declines.
Red Flags to Watch For
Certain driving behaviors should raise concern and warrant a visit to a neurologist. These include:
- Rigidly sticking to one easy route
- Avoiding nighttime or highway driving that was once normal
- Getting briefly lost in familiar areas
- Drifting between lanes or slow reaction times
- Experiencing new stress related to driving or traffic
- Having close calls without accidents
These red flags don't diagnose a specific condition, but they suggest the need for a comprehensive neurological evaluation.
The Neuroscience of Driving Errors
Driving relies heavily on the brain's sensory, motor, and cognitive systems. Driver error is often the result of impaired brain function caused by factors such as fatigue, distractions, impairment from drugs or alcohol, or inexperience. Safe driving requires integrated brain function, enabling vehicle control, situational awareness, distraction management, quick decision-making, and rapid responses to avoid accidents.
Cognitive Abilities and Driving Safety
Research indicates that cognitive status, rather than age alone, is an independent predictor of driving performance. Visuospatial and attentional abilities are particularly critical for safe driving. Older drivers tend to make more safety errors, and these errors increase with age-related declines in cognitive abilities, vision, and motor skills.
Driving as a Cognitive Exercise
Driving requires constant problem-solving and adaptation, which can help maintain cognitive health. It may also help reduce cognitive decline associated with aging by keeping the brain engaged in complex tasks. The mental exercise involved in driving can help preserve cognitive functions. However, driving can also induce stress and anxiety, especially in challenging conditions, potentially impacting cognitive functions.
Neurological Conditions and Driving
Neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and mild cognitive impairment can significantly impair driving competence. These conditions can affect cognition, visual perception, and motor function, increasing the risk of crashes. Even in the early stages of dementia, driving performance may be affected.
