Prime Minister Narendra Modi's tenure, beginning in 2014, has been marked by a series of significant policy initiatives aimed at transforming India's economy, society, and global standing. As he potentially celebrates his 75th birthday, it is pertinent to examine some of the key policies that have defined his 11 years in office.

1. Make in India: Launched in September 2014, this initiative sought to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by encouraging foreign companies to manufacture products in India. It was based on four pillars: new processes, new infrastructure, new sectors, and a new mindset. The program aimed to increase the manufacturing sector's growth rate to 12-14% per annum and create 100 million additional manufacturing jobs by 2022. While the program has attracted investment and aimed to reduce the costs of doing business, manufacturing's share of output remained the same in 2022 as when Modi first took office.

2. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Launched on 2nd October 2014, this campaign aimed to achieve a 'Clean India' by 2nd October 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The goals included eliminating open defecation, improving waste management practices, and promoting cleanliness across the country. Millions of toilets were constructed in rural areas as part of this program. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has had a massive impact on improving health and security outcomes, especially for women.

3. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): This National Mission on Financial Inclusion, launched on August 28, 2014, aimed to provide banking services to all households in the country. The scheme ensured access to financial services like basic savings bank accounts, credit, insurance, and pension facilities. By August 2025, over 56 crore accounts had been opened, with a significant portion held by women in rural areas. Guinness World Records has also recognized the achievements made under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.

4. Digital India Mission: Launched in 2015, this mission envisioned a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. It focused on providing digital access to citizens, making government services available online, and connecting remote villages with high-speed internet. The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has transformed India into a leader in real-time digital payments. Average data usage per person has risen dramatically, and mobile phone production has scaled up significantly.

5. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: This scheme ensures the protection, survival, and education of the girl child. It includes initiatives like opening Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBVs) in Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs) and Mahila Police Volunteers (MPV). The female literacy rate rose, and dropout rates fell, inspiring Beti Bachao Beti Padhao.

6. Ayushman Bharat: Launched in 2018, this is a health scheme and the largest government-funded healthcare program in the world, with over 50 crore beneficiaries. It aims to provide health insurance coverage to a large section of the population, improving access to healthcare services. Over 36 crore health cards have been issued, saving citizens significant medical costs.

7. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): This scheme provides income support to small and marginal farmers across the country. Under this, a minimum income support of up to Rs 6,000 per year is provided to all eligible farmer families. Nearly 25 crore soil health cards have been distributed to promote scientific farming practices.

8. Infrastructure Development: The Modi government has focused on expanding and upgrading infrastructure, including highways, railways, and airports. The length of national highways has increased significantly, and the number of operational airports has more than doubled. There have also been developments in the railway sector, including the introduction of Vande Bharat trains and the modernization of railway stations.

9. Goods and Services Tax (GST): Implemented in 2017, GST unified India's fragmented indirect tax system into "One Nation, One Tax". It simplified compliance, reduced cascading taxes, and boosted transparency and revenue collection.

10. Ujjwala Yojana: Launched on 1st May 2016, Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) aimed to distribute 50 million LPG connections to women of Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. The scheme has enabled over 10.33 crore households to shift to smoke-free kitchens, improving women's health.

11. Changes in Jammu and Kashmir: In August 2019, the government revoked Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir. The state was brought under the direct control of the union government.

These policies, among others, reflect an effort to improve governance, promote inclusive development, and enhance India's position on the world stage.