Khaleda Zia's India Legacy Softens Amid New Equations

Khaleda Zia, the former Prime Minister of Bangladesh and a pivotal figure in the nation's political landscape for decades, passed away on December 30, 2025, at the age of 80. Her death marks the end of an era, leaving behind a complex legacy that includes a notable shift in the dynamics of India-Bangladesh relations.

Zia, who served as Prime Minister on three separate occasions, played a significant role in shaping Bangladesh's political journey since 1991. She was the first female Prime Minister of Bangladesh and only the second democratically elected female head of government in the Muslim world. Her career was marked by periods of political turmoil, including imprisonment and a fierce rivalry with Sheikh Hasina, who was ousted from power in August 2024.

Historically, Zia was perceived to have strained ties with India, often prioritizing relations with Pakistan and China. Her policies were seen as a departure from the closer relationship that Bangladesh shared with India under Sheikh Hasina. Some of the points of contention included disputes over water sharing of the Ganga River, opposition to transit rights for India through Bangladesh, and defense deals with China. During her tenures, her government was also accused of turning a blind eye to anti-India forces operating within Bangladesh.

However, in recent years, a softening of this stance had become apparent. After 2012, Zia showed signs of evolving her approach towards India, pledging that a future BNP government would act against terrorist groups using Bangladeshi soil to target India. This shift continued after 2014, with meetings between Zia and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Several factors contributed to this change. Bangladesh is undergoing a significant political transformation, with the interim government led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus seeking to stabilize the economy and rebuild public trust. In this environment, the BNP, the party led by Zia, has recognized the importance of maintaining peaceful relations with India. This includes securing the nearly 4,000 km Bangladesh-India border and fostering trade.

The interim government, which came into power after the ousting of Sheikh Hasina in 2024, faces numerous challenges, including economic stagnation, rising inflation, and political unrest. With general elections scheduled for February 2026, the political parties are lobbying with foreign governments, international organizations, and diaspora groups to strengthen their standing. The BNP has sought to reassure Western partners of its commitment to democratic governance and human rights, positioning itself as a moderate force capable of rebuilding ties with major powers.

Following Hasina's departure, both New Delhi and Dhaka have expressed interest in mending relations. India has emphasized its commitment to a stable, peaceful, and inclusive Bangladesh. Given the changed political landscape in Bangladesh, India may see the BNP as a viable partner for safeguarding its interests.

As Bangladesh prepares for the upcoming elections, the passing of Khaleda Zia is expected to have a significant impact. While her ill health had kept her from active politics, she remained a key figure, and her legacy will likely influence the political discourse. Her son, Tarique Rahman, who recently returned to Bangladesh after years in exile, is expected to formally take over the reins of the BNP and lead the party in the elections.

In response to Zia's death, the interim Prime Minister Muhammad Yunus called her a "symbol of the democratic movement". Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi also expressed grief, acknowledging Zia's contributions to the development of Bangladesh and to India-Bangladesh relations. He recalled his meeting with her in Dhaka in 2015, indicating a level of personal connection despite the historical complexities.

The evolving relationship between India and Bangladesh is crucial for regional stability and economic growth. As Bangladesh navigates its political transition, both countries have an opportunity to build a stronger, more cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and shared interests. The legacy of Khaleda Zia, once a symbol of strained relations, now appears to be softening, paving the way for new equations in the years to come.