In the heart of Delhi, a broken grave whispers a poignant tale of transformation, power, and ultimately, oblivion. It is the story of Begum Samru, a woman who defied societal norms, rising from humble beginnings as a "nautch" or dancing girl to become a powerful ruler and military commander in 18th and 19th century India. Her life, a tapestry woven with ambition, political acumen, and a touch of tragedy, is a compelling narrative against the backdrop of a crumbling Mughal Empire and the rise of British influence.
Born as Farzana Zeb un-Nissa around 1753, her early life remains shrouded in some mystery. Some accounts suggest a lineage connected to a Mughal nobleman, while others point to a Kashmiri origin. Regardless, misfortune led her to Delhi, where she found herself in a courtesan's house, mastering the arts of dance and entertainment. It was here that she encountered Walter Reinhardt Sombre, a European mercenary with a questionable past. This encounter would forever alter the course of her destiny.
Reinhardt, recognizing her intelligence and charm, took Farzana into his household. She became an integral part of his life, accompanying him on military campaigns and learning the intricacies of political and military strategy. After Reinhardt's death in 1778, Farzana, now known as Begum Samru (derived from Sombre), inherited his mercenary army and the jagir (fiefdom) of Sardhana, near Meerut. Defying expectations, she stepped into her husband's shoes, proving to be a shrewd and capable leader.
Begum Samru commanded a mercenary army of around 4,000 troops consisting of both Europeans and Indians. She skillfully navigated the complex political landscape, aligning herself strategically with various powers, including the Mughals, Marathas, and eventually, the British. Her military prowess and political acumen allowed her to maintain her autonomy and expand her territory. Impressed by her, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, regarded Begum Samru as his daughter.
In 1781, Begum Samru converted to Catholicism, taking the name Joanna Nobilis. This conversion led her to commission the Basilica of Our Lady of Graces in Sardhana, a magnificent church that stands as a testament to her unique identity and architectural vision. The basilica, completed in 1822, blends Italian and Islamic architectural styles, reflecting her cosmopolitan outlook. Her tomb lies inside the church, topped by a marble statue depicting her seated on a throne.
Begum Samru was not only a military commander but also a patron of the arts and a capable administrator. She built palaces and gardens, including a palace in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, now known as Bhagirath Palace. Her court was a melting pot of cultures, attracting Europeans and Indians alike. She was known for hosting lavish feasts and celebrations.
Begum Samru died in 1836 at the age of 82 or 83, leaving behind immense riches but no direct heir. Her inheritance, valued at millions, became a subject of dispute, with the British government eventually usurping most of her wealth. Today, her legacy is a complex one, a reminder of a woman who defied conventions and carved out her own destiny in a turbulent era. Though her grave may be broken, Begum Samru's story continues to resonate, a testament to her extraordinary life and enduring impact on the history of India.
